Guidance for Industry, Q7. A Good Manufacturing Practice Guidance for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)August 2. ICHAdditional copies are available from: Office of Training and Communications. Sharp practice Underhanded, deceitful, cunning, or particularly sneaky practice, especially in business, that is technically within the scope of the law but which may. 23-26 among 1,000 U.S. Find listings of daytime and primetime ABC TV shows, movies and specials. Get links to your favorite show pages. Division of Communications Management. Drug Information Branch, HFD- 2. Fishers Lane. Rockville, MD 2. Tel) 3. 01- 8. 27- 4. Internet) http: //www. Office of Communication, Training and. Manufacturers Assistance, HFM- 4. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Food and Drug Administration. Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 2. Internet: http: //www. Fax: 1- 8. 88- CBERFAX or 3. Mail: the Voice Information System at 8. August 2. 00. 1ICHTable Of Contents. I. INTRODUCTION (1)Objective (1. Regulatory Applicability (1. Scope (1. 3)II. QUALITY MANAGEMENT (2)Principles (2. Responsibilities of the Quality Unit(s) (2. Responsibility for Production Activities (2. Internal Audits (Self Inspection) (2. Product Quality Review (2. III. PERSONNEL (3) 8. Personnel Qualifications (3. Personnel Hygiene (3. Consultants (3. 3)IV. BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES (4)Design and Construction (4. Utilities (4. 2)Water (4. Containment (4. 4)Lighting (4. Sewage and Refuse (4. Sanitation and Maintenance (4. V. PROCESS EQUIPMENT (5) Design and Construction (5. Equipment Maintenance and Cleaning (5. Calibration (5. 3) Computerized Systems (5. VI. DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS (6)Documentation System and Specifications (6. Equipment Cleaning and Use Record (6. Records of Raw Materials, Intermediates, API Labeling and Packaging Materials (6. Master Production Instructions (Master Production and Control Records) (6. Batch Production Records (Batch Production and Control Records) (6. Laboratory Control Records (6. Batch Production Record Review (6. VII. MATERIALS MANAGEMENT (7)General Controls (7. Receipt and Quarantine (7. Sampling and Testing of Incoming Production Materials (7. Storage (7. 4)Re- evaluation (7. VIII. PRODUCTION AND IN- PROCESS CONTROLS (8)Production Operations (8. Time Limits (8. 2)In- process Sampling and Controls (8. Blending Batches of Intermediates or APIs (8. Contamination Control (8. IX. PACKAGING AND IDENTIFICATION LABELING OF APIs AND INTERMEDIATES (9)General (9. Packaging Materials (9. Label Issuance and Control (9. Packaging and Labeling Operations (9. X. STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION (1. Warehousing Procedures (1. Distribution Procedures (1. XI. LABORATORY CONTROLS (1. General Controls (1. Testing of Intermediates and APIs (1. Validation of Analytical Procedures - See Section 1. VALIDATION (1. 2)Validation Policy (1. Validation Documentation (1. Qualification (1. Approaches to Process Validation (1. Process Validation Program (1. Periodic Review of Validated Systems (1. Cleaning Validation (1. Validation of Analytical Methods (1. XIII. CHANGE CONTROL (1. XIV. REJECTION AND RE- USE OF MATERIALS (1. Rejection (1. 4. 1)Reprocessing (1. Reworking (1. 4. 3)Recovery of Materials and Solvents (1. Returns (1. 4. 5)XV. COMPLAINTS AND RECALLS (1. XVI. CONTRACT MANUFACTURERS (INCLUDING LABORATORIES) (1. XVII. AGENTS, BROKERS, TRADERS, DISTRIBUTORS, REPACKERS, AND RELABELLERS (1. Applicability (1. Traceability of Distributed APIs and Intermediates (1. Quality Management (1. Repackaging, Relabeling, and Holding of APIs and Intermediates (1. Stability (1. 7. 5)Transfer of Information (1. Handling of Complaints and Recalls (1. Handling of Returns (1. XVIII. SPECIFIC GUIDANCE FOR APIs MANUFACTURED BY CELL CULTURE/FERMENTATION (1. General (1. 8. 1)Cell Bank Maintenance and Record Keeping (1. Cell Culture/Fermentation (1. Harvesting, Isolation and Purification (1. Viral Removal/Inactivation steps (1. XIX. APIs FOR USE IN CLINICAL TRIALS (1. General (1. 9. 1)Quality (1. Equipment and Facilities (1. Control of Raw Materials (1. Production (1. 9. Validation (1. 9. Changes (1. 9. 7)Laboratory Controls (1. Documentation (1. GLOSSARY (2. 0)Guidance for Industry. Q7. A Good Manufacturing Practice Guidance for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) current thinking on this topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. An alternative approach may be used if such approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. I. INTRODUCTION (1)A. Objective (1. 1)This document is intended to provide guidance regarding good manufacturing practice (GMP) for the manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) under an appropriate system for managing quality. It is also intended to help ensure that APIs meet the quality and purity characteristics that they purport, or are represented, to possess. In this guidance, the term manufacturing is defined to include all operations of receipt of materials, production, packaging, repackaging, labeling, relabeling, quality control, release, storage and distribution of APIs and the related controls. In this guidance, the term should identifies recommendations that, when followed, will ensure compliance with CGMPs. An alternative approach may be used if such approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes. For the purposes of this guidance, the terms current good manufacturing practices and good manufacturing practices are equivalent. The guidance as a whole does not cover safety aspects for the personnel engaged in manufacturing, nor aspects related to protecting the environment. These controls are inherent responsibilities of the manufacturer and are governed by national laws. This guidance is not intended to define registration and/or filing requirements or modify pharmacopoeial requirements. This guidance does not affect the ability of the responsible regulatory agency to establish specific registration/filing requirements regarding APIs within the context of marketing/manufacturing authorizations or drug applications. All commitments in registration/filing documents should be met. B. Regulatory Applicability (1. Within the world community, materials may vary as to their legal classification as an API. When a material is classified as an API in the region or country in which it is manufactured or used in a drug product, it should be manufactured according to this guidance. C. Scope (1. 3)This guidance applies to the manufacture of APIs for use in human drug (medicinal) products. It applies to the manufacture of sterile APIs only up to the point immediately prior to the APIs being rendered sterile. The sterilization and aseptic processing of sterile APIs are not covered by this guidance, but should be performed in accordance with GMP guidances for drug (medicinal) products as defined by local authorities. This guidance covers APIs that are manufactured by chemical synthesis, extraction, cell culture/fermentation, recovery from natural sources, or any combination of these processes. Specific guidance for APIs manufactured by cell culture/fermentation is described in Section XVIII (1. This guidance excludes all vaccines, whole cells, whole blood and plasma, blood and plasma derivatives (plasma fractionation), and gene therapy APIs. However, it does include APIs that are produced using blood or plasma as raw materials. Note that cell substrates (mammalian, plant, insect or microbial cells, tissue or animal sources including transgenic animals) and early process steps may be subject to GMP but are not covered by this guidance. In addition, the guidance does not apply to medical gases, bulk- packaged drug (medicinal) products (e. Section XIX (1. 9) contains guidance that only applies to the manufacture of APIs used in the production of drug (medicinal) products specifically for clinical trials (investigational medicinal products). An API starting material is arawmaterial, an intermediate, or an API that is used in the production of an API and that is incorporated as a significant structural fragment into the structure of the API. An API starting material can be an article of commerce, a material purchased from one or more suppliers under contract or commercial agreement, or produced in- house. API starting materials normally have defined chemical properties and structure. The company should designate and document the rationale for the point at which production of the API begins. For synthetic processes, this is known as the point at which API starting materials are entered into the process. For other processes (e. Table 1 gives guidance on the point at which the API starting material is normally introduced into the process. From this point on, appropriate GMP as defined in this guidance should be applied to these intermediate and/or API manufacturing steps. This would include the validation of critical process steps determined to impact the quality of the API. However, it should be noted that the fact that a company chooses to validate a process step does not necessarily define that step as critical. The guidance in this document would normally be applied to the steps shown in gray in Table 1. However, all steps shown may not need to be completed. The stringency of GMP in API manufacturing should increase as the process proceeds from early API steps to final steps, purification, and packaging. Physical processing of APIs, such as granulation, coating or physical manipulation of particle size (e. This GMP guidance does not apply to steps prior to the introduction of the defined API starting material. Table 1: Applicat ion of this Guidance to API Manufacturing. Type of Manufacturing. Application of this guidance to steps (shown in gray) used in this type of manufacturing. Chemical Manufacturing. Production of the API starting material. Introduction of the API starting material into process. Production of Intermediate(s)Isolation and purification. Physical processing, and packaging. API derived from animal sources. Collection of organ, fluid, or tissue. Cutting, mixing, and/or initial processing. Introduction of the API starting material into process. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Dates and Dating. Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. This was commonly done by such words as dabam Roman. I gave or delivered this at Rome on December 2. For this the later formula was data Rom. Hence data, the first word of the formula, came to be used for the time and place therein specified. The principle that imperial decrees and charters must be . In the course of the Middle Ages this principle was generally admitted, and we find, for example, that at Cologne in the twelfth century the validity of a certain instrument was contested because it lacked a date. Even down to the beginning of the twelfth century not only royal and imperial letters but even charters (Urkunden), properly so called, were occasionally through the carelessness of officials sent out without a date. The same is true with regard to the correctness of the dates which do appear in official documents, especially those of the early Middle Ages. As a rule the charters emanating from the chancery of the Western Emperors are much more liable to this form of error than those of the Holy See (Bresslau, ib., 8. But even the bulls of such a pontiff as Innocent III are not unfrequently at fault, and as L. In any case it remains certain and is admitted by all serious writers upon diplomatics that the mere fact that an erroneousdate occurs in a document, especially when we are dealing with the earlier Middle Ages, cannot by itself be accepted as a proof, or even a presumption, of the spuriousness of the document. The Christian era. The point of main interest in this connection is to determine the source and period of the introduction of our present system of dating by the Christian Era. Although, as explained in the article GENERAL CHRONOLOGY, the monk known as Dionysius Exiguus, when resident in Rome, c. Christ and although it was undoubtedly he who identified the year of Christ's birth with the year 7. Rome, as is still done in our current chronology, nevertheless it was not until long after the age of Dionysius Exiguus that the system came into common use. For example, no trace of it will be found in that great historian of the Gallic. Church, St. Gregory of Tours, the contemporary of our St. Augustine of England; and in the writings of Pope St. Gregory the Great the Dionysian Era is not adopted. It was the pope'shabit to date his letters by the regnal years of the emperor and letters so dated may be seen in Bede's . Apparently it was the Englishman. Bede himself who was the first to bring the Dionysian system into general use, for it was through him that it was adopted in literature, having been employed systematically not only in his . What is more, we may notice the striking fact that the regular employment of the Christian Era in English charters began just at the period of Bede's pre- eminent influence. It is only from about the year 6. English charters of indisputable authenticity. Taking eight such documents, the eight earliest which we can quote with confidence and dated respectively 6. Professor Earle (Land Charters, Introduc., p. On the other hand, the last three agree in using the Christian Era and from this time the practice is continuous. In the intervening year which breaks this series into two parts falls the death of Bede A. D. This points no doubt to a time . It is in any case certain that neither in the papalchancery nor in that of the Western. Empire was the system introduced until considerably later. In the empire it only became general in the latter part of the ninth century, while although it occurs occasionally in papal documents of the time of John XIII (9. But for the dating of papal documents and for the so- called . The best known of these was the counting by . The indiction was a cycle of fifteen years, the first of these cycles being conceived to have started at a point three years before the beginning of the present Christian Era. It was usual to indicate only the position of the year in the current indiction, and no notice was taken of the number of cycles already completed. Thus, for example, indictio quarta meant the fourth year of some particular indiction and not the fourth cycle of fifteen years after B. C. 3; from which it follows that merely to know the year of the indiction is useless for determining the absolutedate of any document unless we know otherwise approximately the period to which the document belongs. In reckoning the beginning and consequently the determining- point of the indiction- cycles four different systems were adopted: the indictio Gr. The indictio Gr. It was partly supplanted, especially in the Carlovingian sphere of influence, by the indictio C. So far as regards the emperors this was prescribed by Justinian (Novella xlvii). In the case of the popes we do not know any instance earlier than 7. Generally speaking (though the rule admitted of many exceptions, especially later) the regnal year was calculated from the day of coronation or consecration. In the official acts of most of the countries of Christendom, and notably in England, the regnal year of the sovereign was always given and sometimes this was the only indication of the year. As a continuous system of year enumeration the oldest era in practical use appears to have been that known as the . Its starting- point was the accession of the Emperor Diocletian, 2. August, 2. 84. The Spanish Era (. It adds about thirty- eight years to the ordinary numbering of the Christian Era. Where Byzantine influences prevailed the years were generally numbered from the beginning of the world (ab origine mundi). This era was calculated from 1 September, and the birth of Christ, which is the point of departure of our present chronology, took place in the year 5. Byzantine system. Several other methods of reckoning, of which the best known is the Era of the Hegira followed in Mahommedan countries, have also prevailed in various localities, but they cannot be discussed in detail here. After the Christian Era had been universally adopted an important source of confusion as regards the dating of documents still remained in the diversity of practice about the beginning of the year. For the details of this the reader must be referred to the article GENERAL CHRONOLOGY, but we may notice here that among the Anglo- Saxons, as also at many different periods in the papalchancery, the new year was calculated to begin on December 2. On the other hand, in England from the twelfth century onwards, largely under Norman influences, the years were numbered from the 2. March. This arrangement was often called the mos Anglicanus or computatio Anglicana, though it also prevailed in Florence, Siena, Pisa, and at least occasionally in other parts of the Continent as well as in many papal documents. In England it lasted on down to the eighteenth century, though after Elizabethan times it became increasingly common in the dating of letters to indicate the system of dating adopted, N. S. Further N. S. According to this, three fixed points were taken in each month, the kalends on the first day, the ides on the thirteenth (or in some months on the fifteenth), and the nones on the ninth day before the ides and consequently on the fifth or seventh. The dates which fell between these fixed points were designated by the number of days by which they fell short of the next fixed point. Thus the twenty- fourth of May was called ante diem nonum kalendas Junias (i. During the early Middle Ages this system was retained practically unaltered except that the long Romanform was somewhat contracted, for example decimo kalendas Julii was written instead of the ante diem decimum kalendas Julias. A curious arrangement prevailed at Bologna (it was called from its place of origin the consuetudo Bononiensis) and extended over a large part of the north of Italy. According to this the first half of the month was numbered forwards and called menses intrans, but the last half of the month was called mensis exiens and numbered backwards, as in the Roman system; thus the seventeenth of May was called die quinto decimo exeuntis mensis Maii. Our present system of numbering the days straight on from the first of each month began to appear in the sixth century and gradually became more prevalent throughout the Middle Ages, but it never came into general use on account of the custom of indicating the day by the feasts of the local calendar. Not only did the common festivals serve for this purpose, but the Sundays were also often used, and were designated by the first words of their Introit in the Mass. For instance in Dominica l. Moreover the vigil of a feast, or the previous day, or the octave, or a specified day within the octave, were all familiarly designated by their relation to the feast, e. Laurentii, etc. In this method of dating, which was constantly employed both in Latin and ill the vernacular, the use of the English word utas for octave should be noticed. This method of dating by saints' days, as will be readily understood, depended much upon local conditions and was always apt to become both complicated and inexact. Comments. About this page. APA citation. Thurston, H.(1. Dates and Dating. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. MLA citation. Thurston, Herbert. New York: Robert Appleton Company,1. Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Rick Mc. Carty. Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. Farley, Archbishop of New York. Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.
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Dating In Saudi Arabia: Tips & Advice. Finding love and dating in Saudi Arabia is not as difficult as many expats think. Yes, it is quite unnerving moving to one of the most conservative countries in the world. Yes, it is a little odd beingarrested for just walking next to someone of the opposite sex. But there is a hidden subculture that easily allows you to date and enjoy your time with a special someone in the kingdom. First of all, dating in Saudi Arabia is nothing like in the west. On the back of everyone’s mind lies marriage. This is how they are raised to think, and this is what you must respect. It doesn’t necessitate you having to marry the girl or guy you’re dating, but just be aware that it will always turn up during conversations. A typical Saudi male look, beard trimmed, good complexion. By Benjamin Katzeff Silberstein. Reuters reported today on the most recent figures on China-North Korean trade. They show that coal imports have declined, to the. 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A second thing I need to point out is tribal thinking. Dating in Saudi Arabia often involves keeping things under the radarsince any “wrongdoing” (aka dating) by either men or women could bring shame to the entire tribe, and every Saudi belongs to a tribe. Oftentimes, these tribes compete on an ethical level, and a girl who is found to have dated an expat, or slept with him, may suffer great loss of face for both her and her family. Gossip can last for years in Saudi Arabia. Dating in Saudi Arabia: A Warning. Lastly, due to kingdom’s very conservative nature, dating in Saudi Arabia needs to be approached very delicately. The women, especially, are quite sensitive, almost naive. I recommend you never try to take advantage of them, as it can backfire and cost you dearly. The punishment for sex outside of marriage is a hefty number of lashes. Do not–absolutely do not–date a married woman (and some may try to approach you). The punishment for adultery is death. Okay, so warnings aside, how does one start dating in Saudi Arabia and possibly find love in an exotic kingdom? Social Media. Saudi Arabia has one of the highest worldwideratios of twitter and facebook users when compared to population. A lot of this is attributed to the strict social life, so you’ll find many people meet online. Also, don’t be surprised if girls don’t post up their pictures. Remember, their family or tribes may lose face. She may be viewed as a woman trying to attract men and shame her family. You will often see the picture of some flower or artsy pic instead on her profile. Most Saudi girls that travel outside the kingdom are liberal at heart and will not wear the veil, instead choosing trendy designer clothes. This is one of the TV host, but it gives you an idea of what they would wear and their style. If you are looking at dating in Saudi Arabia, you should set up a twitter and facebook account which clearly states which city you are in, and where you are from. You can then do a global search for people in your area and message away. Warning: It is very unusual for a Saudi not be married past the late 2. If you do encounter one that is older than 3. They may be married (and will never tell you). I also recommend you sign up for the dating site Muslima–it is a very easy way to meet a partner. Embassy Parties. An expat living in Saudi Arabia should immediately register with their embassy and ask for a list of events. All embassies usually throw parties at least once a month. These parties also serve alcohol, which is one of the easiest ways of getting alcohol in the kingdom. Western Embassy parties are fun and facilitate dating in Saudi Arabia since veils are not allowed, and you will meet both men and women that are open- minded. You’ll find Saudi girls of good families that look like this one at embassy parties. You may also meet potential dates from your own home country, or another country. A word of advice: many of these parties are not advertised. Peru family. Peru families profiled, includes children, women and men. Dating traditions given. CountryReports - Your World Discovered! Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg is still on his listening tour/presidential campaign test run and he’s been very busy the last few days. Just moments ago he showed up. You may need to speak to an embassy employee or fellow countryman in the kingdom and ask them to add you to the list, since these parties are by invitation only. If you are American, go to the embassy gift shop and inquire about their events (sign up to the newsletter too) . Some countries automatically add you to events when you register with the embassy. Here’s an example of an embassy registration. The Malls. A little more direct, but highly effective, is meeting your future lover in a mall. Dating in Saudi Arabia is really no different in this respect, but there are a few things you should keep in mind. First of all, you are not legally allowed to just walk up and talk to a girl. Secondly, Saudi girls usually walk around in groups. Thirdly, dress to impress. Don’t assume your beer gut will do the job. Saudi girls at a mall event. Picture them in Western clothes and you’ll end up close to a mixed Hispanic look. There really is a science to the mall approach. You should make continuous eye contact, but be wary of mall security at the same time. Follow the group or, if they are following you, make sure you occasionally make eye contact to signal interest, and then go somewhere discrete, like a unisex store. Stay very close and smile. Saudi girls may initially be shy, but many won’t hesitate making the first move (kind of a paradox there) and hand you their phone number. You must remain very close when in the store, they can’t be seen approaching you. The important thing here is how you look (your clothes), eye contact, and the lead away from open public areas. Be discrete and save your questions for the coming phone conversation. A Friend Of A Friend. Any expat working in Saudi Arabia will tell you they’ve been repeatedly approached by co- workers or acquaintances, asking if they’d like to meet their friend who happens to be a single girl or guy. Due to social restrictions, a lot of introductions are done this way. You just need to be open to the idea and accept the invitation. It’s very hard resisting some invitations. If you’re looking for discrete encounters, I would avoid this route, but it is one of the easiest ways of dating in Saudi Arabia. If you start acting like a player, though, your friends won’t introduce you to anyone else. You may even lose their friendship. Hotel Restaurants. Despite the high price tag of hotel restaurants, many of these have weekly co- ed brunches. This is more of a group environment, so I would advise bringing someone with you. Dress your absolute best and make occasional eye contact and smile. This is probably the hardest way to meet that special someone, but you’ll be mingling with an elite caste of Saudis. You’ll also find the occasional prince or princess, and I always believe in constant exposure. If you do end up dating in Saudi Arabia, be very respectful and tactful, it’ll go a long way. If you’re a woman and are considering dating or marrying a Saudi, please read my post about being a woman in Saudi Arabia. If you’re a guy, remember that Saudi girls have a very romantic view of chivalry. Before you get involved with any man in Saudi Arabia, read my post on being a woman in Saudi Arabia. If you decide to meet, the best place is your place. It’s very direct, but it is one of the safest ways of meeting without having the religious police stalking you. Another way is to invite them to an embassy party as your guest, or to go to a liberal co- ed restaurant, usually found in hotels. Family also matters greatly to both men and women in Saudi Arabia, as does religion and God. Modern Saudis are very tolerant of other religions, but not of atheism. No matter who you are, if you overtly state you do not believe in God and rant on about it, you’ll be shutting doors around you faster than you can say your name. I know that the hurdles of meeting someone there are great and the laws so strict, but if you’re looking for old- world love with a modern- minded lover, Saudi Arabia’s singles have a lot to offer. Dating in Saudi Arabia isn’t a hard thing. There are plenty of diamonds to be found,But if you’re a bit shy, sign up for Muslima and you’ll soon find plenty women and men to meet. A few resources you may be interested in: Have you ever tried dating in Saudi Arabia or a similar country? Do you feel that these restrictions lead to a higher quality relationship? Subscribe to the Banker in the Sun Newsletter. SUBSCRIBE now and get instant access to my FREE 5. 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With thousands of 50+ UK singles, FiftyDating is one of the UK's best and most trusted online dating sites catering for senior singles. Russia facts, information, pictures . Petersburg, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novosibirsk. Other Cities: Samara, Vladivostok, Volgograd, Yekaterinburg. Russian Federation. Major Cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novosibirsk. Other Cities: Samara, Vladivostok, Volgograd, Yekaterinburg. Account Options. Sign in; Search settings; Web History. Aku bangun lepas tu aku bersiap nak gi UNDI. Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for. EDITOR'S NOTEThis chapter was adapted from the Department of State Post Report 2. Russia. Supplemental material has been added to increase coverage of minor cities, facts have been updated, and some material has been condensed. Readers are encouraged to visit the Department of State's web site at http: //travel. INTRODUCTIONRussia sprawls across nearly one- sixth of the Earth's land mass (about 1. It embraces a varied topography and has every type of climate except tropical. The Ural Mountains mark the traditional division between European and Asiatic Russia. To the west, Russian territory stretches over a broad plain, broken only by occasional low hills. To the east are the vast Siberian lowlands and the deserts of central Asia. Beyond are the barren Siberian highlands and the mountain ranges of the Russian Far East. Great pine forests cover half the country; south of these are the steppes (prairies), where the soil is rich and dark. A small subtropical zone lies south of the steppes, along the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas. Climate is varied. Winters are long and cold and summers brief. In parts of the eastern Siberian tundra, temperatures of- 6. The majority of the population is Eastern Slavic, but it is made up of peoples belonging to less numerous ethnic groups, including Eskimos. Although most groups are distinguished by their own language and culture, Russian language and traditions are well established, with Russian the common language in government and education. Religion, long suppressed under the Soviet regime, now flourishes, and examples of all major and many less widely practiced religions can be found. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia made considerable economic progress under Communist rule, mainly by the force of a centralized command economy and basic industrialization. Soviet communism, already stagnant by the 1. Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika, collapsed by 1. Russia into a difficult transition toward a democratic state and market- based economy. The Russian Federation continues to seek to redefine its relationships with its new independent neighbors, as well as its role in the world. MAJOR CITIESMoscow. Moscow's official population is approximately 9 million. It is the center of government and plays an important role in the country's political, economical, cultural, scientific, and military activity. Moscow is first mentioned in history in 1. A. D. Due to its strategic position on a north- south trade route from Rostov to Ryazan, Moscow was the center of trade and government in what eventually became the Russian Empire. As the Russian Empire expanded, so grew Moscow's influence and importance, until the early 1. Peter the Great moved the nation's capital to St. As Russia's second city, Moscow retained its primacy only in trade, until the leaders of Soviet Russia transferred the capital back. Moscow early in 1. Subsequently, Moscow more than quadrupled in population and territory (8. In the past 2. 0 years, the city's difficulties in housing and in supplying its large and growing population have led to calls for limits on growth and crack- downs on the huge . In 1. 99. 1, the U. S. S. R. The Russian Federation emerged as the largest of the new independent states of the former Soviet Union. Russia has diplomatic relations with most of the world's countries, and more than 1. Moscow. News correspondents, business representatives, and students from throughout the world live in the Russian capital. There is a heavy, year- round flow of foreign tourists and official delegations. Moscow's resident American community numbers about 5,0. Embassy personnel, business representatives, correspondents, clergy, exchange students, and professors. American tourists number about 1. Moscow contains many attractions of interest for visitors. Those open to the public include the Kremlin; monasteries and churches in and around Moscow, as well as museums, parks, permanent exhibition centers, and a variety of musical, dramatic, and dance attractions. Many small towns of interest lie within a day's drive of Moscow, including the old monastery town of Sergiyev Posad (formerly Zagorsk), Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy's home, and the Borodino battlefield, site of the greatest battle of Napoleon's 1. Russia. Moscow offers a rich cultural environment, and warrants the enormous local pride in its treasures and traditions. Myriad museums are devoted to the various arts, literature, music, politics, history, and sciences. Hundreds of small churches and large cathedrals throughout the city are open to visitors. In addition to the famous Bolshoi Theater, with its large repertoire of Russian and internationally famous opera and ballet, other theaters and concert halls feature popular and classical plays, concerts, recitals, and all of the performing arts. Children's theater, a puppet theater, a planetarium, and other performances geared especially to younger people are also available. The Russian circuses with their rich history are overwhelmingly popular with children and adults alike. On the negative side, life in Moscow can be difficult and stressful. Air pollution, severe winter conditions, language barriers, chaotic rush hour traffic, and long hours at work take their toll on even the most well- adjusted residents. Street crime is still a problem and African and Asian Americans have been victims of racially motivated attacks. Moscow is 3 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, and 8 hours ahead of Eastern Standard Time. Utilities. Electric clocks and other electrical items with motors designed for 6. Food. For the Western consumer, the availability of food and household products is improving. Most food and household products used by a typical American family can now be purchased. When American brands are not available locally, a European equivalent can usually be purchased. Vendors other than Russian stores and markets include Western outlets such as Stockmann. Some visitors do a lot of shopping at local . Rynoks carry a large selection of fresh bread and seasonal as well as imported fresh produce. Meat is also available for purchase, but buying fresh, unrefrigerated meat is risky. Rynoks often have stalls that stock non- food items, such as cleaning products, soft drinks and liquor, health care products, pet food and paper goods at prices that are cheaper than in the other stores. In many instances the quality of the products tends to be lower. Larger rynoks also sell flowers, plants, clothing items, and. Be aware, however, that shopping in rynoks can pose challenges, including the need to maneuver through crowded spaces and language problems for non- Russian speakers. Bargaining is an accepted and common practice at rynoks but not at conventional stores and supermarkets, where prices are marked. Clothing. Temperatures during the year can range from- 4. Moscow winters can be very cold, especially if one is used to winter temperatures above freezing. It is necessary to be prepared for the harsh winter climate with plenty of warm clothing and outerwear. Men and women often wait until they arrive to buy a fur hat, and many women also purchase fur coats and boots locally. Other locally available winter gear may not meet American standards and/or style. Summers are short and often cool. Sweaters and a coat are necessary no matter what time of year you arrive. The best type of clothing to have in Moscow is washable since clothing soils easily. Sturdy, waterproof clothing and footwear with good treads is essential. Sidewalks can be slick in winter and muddy and wet during the rest of the year. One should consider bringing enough clothing to last until replacements can be ordered through catalogs or while on leave outside of Russia. Slippers or clogs are useful around the house in winter and spring as mud, ice, salt, and dirt can be tracked in off the streets and playgrounds. Russians usually take off their shoes when entering a home (and children are expected to), so it is appropriate to have a couple of extra pairs of slippers for guests who do not feel comfortable coming into your home with their shoes on. Slippers can be purchased locally. Sports equipment and sportswear should be brought to Moscow when possible. There are various recreational activities at hand, including swimming, soccer, baseball, volleyball, cycling, rollerblading, etc. Traditional Russian wooden children's sleds are available for purchase in the city, but may be hard to find. Western winter sports equipment can be found around town but the prices tend to be high. Cross- country skiing, ice- skating and sledding are all common winter sports. The outdoor tennis court at Rosinka is also turned into a skating rink during the winter. Men: Both heavy and light topcoats are desirable for spring and fall. Men wear down parkas and heavy topcoats appropriate for evening over their suits in the winter. Lined raincoats are not warm enough in the dead of winter although many people wear them in the spring and fall. Warm gloves, warm and waterproof boots, and a warm hat are all essential. Building interiors are often too hot by American standards in winter, but in fall and spring, when there is no central heating, indoors can be uncomfortably cool. Light sweaters or vests that can be worn under suit jackets are convenient. Bring appropriate cold- weather clothes for outdoor sports. Lighter wool suits are desirable for summer wear. Women: In general, women in Moscow wear the same style clothing as worn in the U. S. Moderately dressy suits with nice blouses and dresses are worn most often for receptions, dinners, and evenings out. Women need a light coat, raincoat, and heavy coat. These could include anything from a mid- calf washable down coat with a hood, to fur coats, and/or a raincoat with a zip- out liner. Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for. NAME: Gail Stanton BIRTHPLACE: Memphis, Tennessee USA BUST: 34" C WAIST: 22" HIPS: 34" HEIGHT: 5’ 1" WEIGHT: 103 lbs SIGN: Scorpio GOALS: I’d like to work with my. The History of Sex in Cinema: Title Screens : Movie Title/Year and Film/Scene Description: Screenshots: Island in the Sun (1957, UK) This breakthrough torrid. Directory of independent escorts, escort agencies, bodyrub and massage services in California, USA. Who’s Who - Memphis magazine. Every year our staff faces one of its toughest challenges — looking back at the events of the past year and selecting those Memphians who played the largest role in our city’s present and future. It is no easy task narrowing the list down to 1. We like to call these our city’s “movers, shakers, and other news- makers” (though we admit we’re not entirely sure what a “shaker” might be), but there’s no question that the people featured on the following pages were prime movers and news- makers in their various fields — politicians, entrepreneurs, business leaders, athletes, musicians, and more. We begin the list with our special “Hall of Fame” — those nine Memphians who have been named to every “Who’s Who” list since we began compiling them in 1. The regular “Who’s Who” then begins on page 5. Out- of- Towners” section on pages 1. Find Public Records in Sedgwick County, Kansas. This page lists public record sources in Sedgwick County, Kansas. Additional resources can be found on our Kansas. A quick guide to our city’s movers, shakers, and other news-makers. Search for LIFETIME offenders. Simply Click Search for ALL or search for a specific offender by the offender’s FIRST + LAST. AARP is a membership organization leading positive social change and delivering value to people age 50 and over through information, advocacy and service. Hall of Fame. Nine Memphians named to every “Who’s Who” list since 1. JACK BELZAs chairman and CEO of Belz Enterprises, Belz heads one of the South’s largest real estate and development firms. A longtime booster, activist, and participant in downtown development, probably best known for bringing back The Peabody hotel. The driving force behind Peabody Place, a two- million- square- foot mixed- use development stretching for eight blocks downtown and one of the largest single historic renovation projects in the U. S. Has worked with the Memphis Housing Authority and Henry Turley Company to develop Uptown, including the demolition of the Hurt Village housing project and redevelopment of approximately 1,0. St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. Also partnered in downtown projects such as Harbor Town and South Bluffs. Total property holdings include more than 2. Received the Leadership Memphis Community Leadership 2. Award, the 2. 00. Master Entrepreneur Award of the Society of Entrepreneurs and Junior Achievement of Memphis, the 2. Lifetime Achievement Award from the Center City Commission, and the Kether Shem Tov Award from the Orthodox Union, one of the highest honors bestowed upon members of the worldwide Jewish community. AL GREENLured to Memphis from his native Forrest City, Arkansas, by producer Willie Mitchell in the 1. Turned to gospel music after a religious conversion in 1. Became an ordained preacher and founded the Full Gospel Tabernacle in Whitehaven, where he serves as pastor. Multiple Grammy Award winner. Member of the Rock- and- Roll, Gospel, and Songwriters Halls of Fame. In 2. 00. 3, had albums listed in Rolling Stone’s 5. I Can’t Stop, produced by Willie Mitchell. In 2. 00. 4 and 2. Rolling Stone named him one of their “1. Greatest Artists of All Time.” Performed at the White House in 2. In 2. 00. 8, released a new album, Lay It Down, with production from drummer Ahmir “? Thompson of famed hip- hop band The Roots. In 2. 00. 9, honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the BET Awards, and was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame. His biggest hit, “Let’s Stay Together,” was voted a Legendary Michigan Song the same year. WILLIE HERENTONAn embarrassing four- to- one loser in his underfunded and erratically pursued challenge to 9th District congressman Steve Cohen in the 2. Democratic primary, Herenton, now 7. Memphis’ first elected black mayor and continuing through four successive reelections, is over. What to do next has preoccupied Herenton, who has at various times indicated he is writing his memoirs; he has also considered a new career as talk show host and has made a few trial appearances in that role on local radio. Mainly he seems to have resigned himself to the role of elder statesman and is a fixture at occasions like the 2. President Barack Obama at Herenton’s alma mater, Booker T. Washington High School. J. R. Founded Auto. Zone in 1. 97. 9, one of three Fortune 5. Memphis. After a successful career in business and following his retirement in 1. Hyde, 6. 9, has become one of the leading philanthropists in the city. He and his wife, Barbara, are active in civic affairs and key supporters of education reform in both the district and at the state level. Hyde was instrumental in the founding of the Memphis Bioworks Foundation, Memphis Tomorrow, and the National Civil Rights Museum. Hyde is a minority owner of the Memphis Grizzlies and helped bring the NBA team to Memphis. JERRY LEE LEWISAlso known as “The Killer,” Lewis is a native of Ferriday, Louisiana. Came to Memphis in the 1. Sun Studios. Shot to fame with blockbuster hits “Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ On” and “Great Balls of Fire.” Was the first inductee into the Rock- and- Roll Hall of Fame. His pioneering contribution to the genre was recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. In 2. 00. 8 was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame. Named to Rolling Stone’s “1. Greatest Artists of All Time” in 2. Lifetime Achievement Award from the Grammys. Resides in Nesbit, Mississippi, in a ranch house with a piano- shaped pool. Ventures out for a yearly appearance at the Beale Street Music Festival. In 2. 00. 8 performed with the National Symphony Orchestra on the west lawn of the U. S. Capitol on the Fourth of July. IRA LIPMANFounder and chairman of Guardsmark, LLC, one of the world’s largest security services companies, which operates in 4. The 1. 99. 6 recipient of the American Business Ethics Award. In 1. 99. 7, founding chairman of the Memphis Shelby Crime Commission. Recipient of the Stanley C. Pace Award for Leadership in Ethics, from the Ethics Resource Center. Recipient of the Corporate Citizenship Award, presented by the Committee for Economic Development. Author of How To Protect Yourself From Crime, in its fourth edition, published by Reader’s Digest. First chairman of the ethics committee of the board of governors of United Way of America. Honorary life chairman and former national chairman of the National Conference of Christians and Jews. Executive committee member and trustee of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, the international human- rights organization. Chairman emeritus of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency and member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Member of the Board of Overseers of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and recipient of the Wharton School Dean’s Medal. Member of Business Executives for National Security and board member of Ligue Internationale des Soci. Also created Pay What You Can Night at Playhouse and Circuit, and the new Theatre. Works near Overton Square, a performance space for alternative theatre and dance. Started an after- school acting program for children and has had 3. Past recipient of the Memphis Rotary Club’s Outstanding Community Service Award, the State of Tennessee’s Distinguished Achievement Award in Theatre, and the Gordon Holl Outstanding Arts Administrator Award. Playhouse recently opened its new $1. Theatre and Arts Complex at Cooper and Union and completed renovations on its old facility, which has become the new Circuit Playhouse at 5. South Cooper. FRED SMITHChairman, founder, president, and CEO of Fed. Ex Corporation, the world’s largest express transportation company and a vital economic engine in the Memphis region. Has served on the boards of several large public companies and the St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital and Mayo Foundation Boards. Smith, 6. 7, is a leading business voice in efforts to revolutionize energy policy and lessen reliance on imported foreign oil. Board member of the Council on Foreign Relations, co- chair of the Energy Security Leadership Council, named to the Aviation Hall of Fame, and winner of the Circle of Honor Award from the Congressional Medal of Honor Foundation. Contributed $1. 0 million to support construction of the Teton Trek exhibit at the Memphis Zoo. Fed. Ex has approximately 3. Memphis area, and is regularly included in surveys for the World’s Most Admired Companies and the 1. Best Companies to Work For. PAT KERR TIGRETTFashion designer, patron of Memphis music, and philanthropist. Chairman and CEO of Pat Kerr, Inc., a couture design firm, specializing in bridal and baby couture. Founder of the Blues Ball, the Jingle Bell Ball, and the Nutcracker Ball benefiting Memphis music, children, and the arts. Her designs have been featured in retail windows of Neiman Marcus, Bergdorf Goodman, and Henri Bendel and in books and magazines, including Martha Stewart Weddings, the Tiffany Wedding Book, and The Plaza Hotel Wedding Book. Lived in London for 2. Princess Diana, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, Queen Victoria, and King George III. Widow of international financier, John Tigrett. Has served on boards of St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis and Shelby County Music Commission, University of Memphis, Memphis Rock ’N’ Soul Museum, Memphis Film and Tape Commission, Leadership Memphis, Memphis Orchestral Society, Memphis Development Foundation, and NARAS. Chairman/CEO of Celebrations upscale lifestyle events company. Who's Who. LAURA ADAMSExecutive director of the Shelby Farms Park Conservancy, the nation’s largest urban park. The nonprofit agency operates most of the 4,5. East Memphis and Cordova. Adams, 5. 2, was appointed to the job in 2. As a conservancy, the park gets millions of dollars annually in private funds as well as roughly $5. It includes bike trails, lakes, horseback riding, a new bridge over the Wolf River, and a playground that are getting lots of attention and favorable reviews. She envisions the park as the centerpiece of an overall environmentally friendly strategy for Greater Memphis. Graduate of George Washington University. JOHN AITKENAppointed in 2. Shelby County Schools, the fourth- largest school system in Tennessee. Has held several positions with the system in his career, including teacher, principal, and administrator. During his 1. 1- year tenure as Houston High principal, the school developed a reputation for academic excellence, its fine arts program gained national recognition, and it won “Best of the Preps” award in athletics for 1. While at Houston, Aitken was named 2. Topic Galleries - Chicago Tribune. News, Photos and Information about Chicago Tribune. Popular Topics. 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